Abstract This work produced glass foams from soda-lime glass bottles, bentonite, and alumina by the replica method. Compositions with different contents of bentonite (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were prepared and heat-treated at 800 °C. In the alumina-added compositions, 50 wt% of the bentonite was replaced by the alumina. The influences of the content of bentonite (binder) and alumina addition were evaluated through the physical-mechanical properties. The results showed that the alumina did not promote a significant effect on physical and mechanical properties in most glass foams; the exception was the sample with 20 wt% bentonite+alumina, which presented better physical properties (lower linear shrinkage and density and greater porosity) when compared to its equivalent sample (without alumina). Foams with 5% of bentonite or bentonite+alumina showed higher linear shrinkage indexes and high densification. Samples with 15% of bentonite or bentonite+alumina showed the best combination of properties: higher porosity (79.2% and 80.2%), water absorption (58.8% and 59.7%), lower shrinkage index (25.5% and 29.4%), and good flexural strength (0.69 and 0.45 MPa).

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has attracted interest for sensory applications due to its high surface area and the high density of active adsorption sites. This review shows the effect of the nanostructure, synthesis technique, operating temperature, target gas, and the impact of incorporating metallic elements on the detection properties of TiO2. The studies showed that the TiO2 gas detection process is closely related to surface reactions. Therefore, sensing properties, such as sensitivity, response time, and recovery, vary with factors that influence the surface reactions, such as chemical elements, morphology, microstructure of the depletion layer, and operating temperature.

Abstract In recent years there is a high interest in the freeze-casting process because it is a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly method for obtaining highly porous materials. Most of the materials obtained by this technique have directional pore structure and anisotropic properties. However, a wide range of pore size and morphology can be obtained by the control of processing parameters, such as solvent type, solids concentration, particle size, freezing rate, and types of additives. The varied morphologies permit the application of freeze-casted materials in various technological applications. However, despite the high amount of studies about freeze-casting of ceramic materials in the last years, review articles addressing the influence of processing parameters on the pore characteristics of obtained ceramics are still scanty. Therefore, this review addresses the influence of freeze-casting process parameters on the pore characteristics of the ceramic materials.

Resumo Zeólitas são sólidos porosos compostos majoritariamente por alumínio e silício sob a forma de aluminossilicatos cristalinos hidratados. Estes materiais possuem propriedades particulares inerentes às suas características estruturais que os tornam úteis em diversas aplicações industriais. A síntese de zeólitas a partir de resíduos e fontes naturais de silício e alumínio tem se destacado devido aos benefícios ambientais e econômicos. Neste trabalho, cinzas volantes provenientes de termoelétricas foram convertidas em zeólitas através da ativação alcalina com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Esta técnica caracteriza-se pelo baixo custo e por se tratar de alternativa tecnológica com grande agregação de valor por transformar materiais existentes em larga escala em um material de grande aplicação tecnológica. Objetivou-se estudar a síntese de zeólitas do tipo sodalita e cancrinita a partir de cinzas volantes através da quantificação de fases e análise química racional de forma a evidenciar a influência das condições de processo. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X com quantificação de fases a partir do método de Rietveld, fluorescência de raios X com realização ainda de análise racional de fases cristalinas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram obtidas zeólitas do tipo sodalita e cancrinita a partir da transformação de cinza volante, por síntese com concentrações de 3,5, 5,25 e 7,0 M NaOH por 24, 36 e 48 h.

Abstract Zeolites are porous solids composed mainly of aluminum and silicon in the form of hydrated crystalline aluminosilicates; they have special properties inherent to their structural characteristics that make them useful in many industrial applications. The synthesis of zeolites from natural and residual sources of silicon and aluminum has become more important due to both environmental and economic benefits. In this work fly ash from power plants were converted to zeolite by alkaline activation with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The technique is characterized by low cost, and great value added; a technological alternative that transforms existing materials on a large scale into an innovative material for applications relevant to the industrial sector. This work aimed to study the sodalite and cancrinite (zeolites) synthesis process from fly ash using phase quantification and rational chemical analysis, in order to highlight the influence of process conditions. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction with phase quantification by Rietveld method, X-ray fluorescence method with rational analysis of crystalline phases, and scanning electron microscopy. Sodalite and cancrinite zeolites from fly ash were obtained by synthesis with concentrations of 3.5, 5.25 and 7.0 M NaOH for 24, 36 and 48 h.

ResumoA exploração desordenada ao longo dos anos das argilas bentoníticas do município de Boa Vista, PB, resultou no esgotamento das variedades nobres. Assim, o que existe atualmente são bentonitas com elevado percentual de minerais acessórios, elementos contaminantes a exemplo do quartzo, os quais influem negativamente nas propriedades reológicas das dispersões. O presente trabalho propõe concentrar dispersões dessas argilas pouco nobres pela operação de hidrociclonagem e posterior secagem por spray dryer, visando à obtenção de amostras com valores de reologia de acordo com norma EP-1EP-00011-A da Petrobrás. Assim, preparou-se dispersões de três composições com as argilas Bofe, Chocolate, Verde-Lodo, Chocobofe e Sortida previamente selecionadas por planejamento experimental com concentrações de 4% em massa de argila para serem concentradas por hidrociclonagem. Os concentrados foram secos por spray dryer em duas condições de secagem. Os resultados evidenciaram a eficiência das operações de hidrociclonagem e secagem por spray dryer das misturas com notável melhoria nas propriedades reológicas.

AbstractThe uncontrolled exploitation over the years of bentonite clays in Boa Vista, PB, Brazil, resulted in the exhaustion of noble varieties. So, what currently exists are bentonites with a high percentage of accessory minerals, contaminants such as the quartz, which have a negative influence on the rheological properties of the dispersions. This paper proposes concentrate dispersions of these little noble clays by hydrocycloning operation and further drying by spray dryer, in order to obtain samples with rheology values of according to standard EP-1EP-00011-A of Petrobras. Thus, dispersions prepared of three compositions with the clays Bofe, Chocolate, Verde-Lodo, Chocobofe and Sortida previously selected by experimental design with concentrations of 4 wt.% of clay to be concentrated by hydrocycloning. The concentrates were dried by spray dryer in two drying conditions. The results showed the efficiency of hydrocycloning operations and drying by spray dryer of the mixtures with remarkable improvement in the rheological properties.

Crystallization kinetics parameters of a stoichiometric glass with the composition Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 were investigated by subjecting parallelepipedonal samples (3 × 3 × 1.5 mm) to heat treatment in a differential scanning calorimeter at different heating rates (3, 5, 8 and 10 °C/min). The data were analyzed using Ligero's and Kissinger's methods to determine the activation energy (E) of crystallization, which yielded, respectively, E = 415 ± 37 kJ/mol and 378 ± 19 kJ/mol. Ligero's method was also employed to calculate the Avrami coefficient (n), which was found to be n = 3.0. A second set of samples were heat-treated in a tubular furnace at temperatures above the glass transition temperature, Tg, to induce crystallization. The X-ray diffraction analysis of these samples indicated the presence of LiGe2(PO4)3 which displays a NASICON-type structure. An analysis by optical microscopy revealed the presence of spheric crystals located primarily in the volume, in agreement with the crystallization mechanism predicted by the Avrami coefficient.

Introdução: Nos últimos anos, Portugal tem sido afectado por muitos incêndios florestais. O fumo produzido pela combustão de material orgânico é responsável por efeitos a curto e longo prazo na função respiratória de indivíduos expostos. Objectivo: Caracterizar a função respiratória de bombeiros voluntários portugueses no activo expostos a fumo de incêndio florestal. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal. Aplicou-se um questionário individual sobre hábitos pessoais e ocupacionais e mediram-se parâmetros espirométricos, através do Piko-6®, a uma amostra de conveniência de 209 bombeiros voluntários. Resultados: Constatou-se uma elevada taxa de hábitos tabágicos (42,9%). Encontrou-se uma prevalência de padrão obstrutivo de 11,8%. Dos indivíduos obstruídos, 41,7% não fumavam, não tinham conhecimento de doença respiratória nem outra actividade ocupacional que condicionasse risco de alterações respiratórias e negavam o uso de meios de protecção das vias aéreas. Durante o combate a incêndios, 85,7% não usava meios de protecção das vias respiratórias, tendo-se observado carência deste tipo de material nas diferentes corporações. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar elevada prevalência de hábitos tabágicos nesta amostra de bombeiros portugueses, baixo grau de utilização de meios de protecção das vias respiratórias e uma prevalência de obstrução brônquica superior à média nacional de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC). Recomendam-se medidas de cessação tabágica e de uso de material protector das vias respiratórias.

Introduction: Portugal has had a high rate of forest fires in recent years. Inhaled wood smoke can have short- and long-term effects on the lung function of people exposed to it. Study objectives: To assess the lung function of active wildland (forest) firefighters. Methods: Cross-sectional study. A self-questionnaire on personal and work habits was used and spirometry values were obtained using Piko-6® for a 209 people sample. Results: We found a high rate of smoking (42.9%) and an 11.8% prevalence of obstruction. 41.7% of the obstructed individuals were non-smokers, did not state a knowledge of any respiratory disease, engaged in no other activity that could be related to lung function decrease and did not wear airway protection apparatus. 85.7% did not use any airway protection apparatus when firefighting due to lack of such equipment in their brigades. Conclusions: Data showed that there is a high prevalence of smoking habits in this sample of Portuguese firefighters; there is an unsatisfactory usage of airway protection apparatus and the prevalence of airway obstruction is higher than the COPD prevalence in the Portuguese population. We recommend stopping smoking and use of equipment for respiratory protection.